8 January 2025 |Tips

Although scientific advances have been made, there is still no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. Nevertheless, hope persists as our understanding of the mechanisms behind this neurocognitive disorder becomes increasingly refined each year. Perhaps the answer lies in prevention?

In partnership with Michèle Sirois, renowned speaker, TV host and affiliate of the Montreal University Institute of Geriatrics.

 

The difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s

As we grow older, brain health becomes a major source of concern – and for good reason: more than 55 million people globally are living with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent form. Despite ongoing research, the underlying mechanisms of the condition and effective treatments remain elusive, and this worrying trend is likely to double every 20 years.

To provide clarity, it’s crucial to define what we mean by “dementia” and distinguish it from Alzheimer’s disease. In simple terms, dementia serves as an overarching term that covers various forms of dementia. Much like pneumonia – which can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi – dementia also comes in multiple forms, including Alzheimer’s, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy body (DLB), mixed and frontotemporal dementia.

Nevertheless, this outdated term perpetuates negative stereotypes often linked to insanity. In recent years, the scientific and medical communities have shifted towards using the more accurate term “neurocognitive disorder.”

 

Understanding the disease

In order to develop effective treatments, or even prevent Alzheimer’s, it is crucial to understand how the disease develops. Fortunately, significant breakthroughs have been made in this area over the past several decades.

Research has shown that the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein and alterations to tau protein in the brain trigger inflammation; this leads to a deficit in neurotransmitters, which are responsible for transmitting messages between neurons.

A deficiency in neurotransmitters then disrupts communication among neurons, causing significant short- and long-term brain damage. Researchers have also discovered that symptoms such as memory loss, judgment or language disorders, appear many years after the onset of the affliction. Thanks to the brain’s plasticity and cognitive reserve, Alzheimer’s can remain dormant for 15 to 20 years – effectively hiding in plain sight.

 

What is brain plasticity?

Brain plasticity is the brain’s capacity to reconfigure its neural networks in response to experiences. When a brain area malfunctions, as occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, this plasticity (or malleability) can create new neural pathways. This maintains communication between neurons.

 

What is cognitive reserve?

A brain that has been highly stimulated throughout life will have built up a robust cognitive reserve. This reserve serves as a protective buffer, enabling individuals to better cope with normal age-related cognitive changes or even significant cognitive decline.

 

Is a “miracle drug” around the corner?

A major hurdle in the quest for a “miracle drug” is that diagnosis typically occurs at a relatively advanced stage of the disorder. As a result, treating a health issue late in the game always makes disease management more challenging.

Based on these observations, hundreds of researchers are diligently working to develop a treatment that can effectively cure this neurocognitive disorder. Their strategies differ according to various hypotheses, with some seeking to dissolve protein accumulations in the brain, while others focus on halting their progression.

Despite the promise of various research paths, so far, no molecule, diet or vaccine has been proven to effectively cure Alzheimer’s disease.

Presently, only two classes of drugs are available to treat neurocognitive disorders: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. These medications serve to temporarily slow the progression of symptoms, rather than halting or reversing the disease.

Nevertheless, these studies contribute to scientific advancements by providing a deeper understanding of the factors that contribute to or protect against Alzheimer’s.

In addition, caring for those affected and supporting their caregivers brings together a wide range of researchers, healthcare professionals and community organizations – including those backed by Le Groupe Maurice. As we wait for a cure or life-saving treatment, pioneering and compassionate approaches are being developed to provide daily support for people with Alzheimer’s.

 

The risk factors

While some aspects of Alzheimer’s disease are still not fully understood, numerous risk factors have been identified. These factors can be divided into two categories: modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors can be influenced by lifestyle choices and healthy habits, offering opportunities for prevention and mitigation.

Modifiable risk factors

• Sedentary lifestyle
• High blood pressure
• Type 2 diabetes
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Depression
• Social isolation

Non-modifiable risk factors

• Age: The risk of developing Alzheimer’s generally increases after age 65.
• Family history: Having a parent or sibling with Alzheimer’s increases the risk.
• Genetics: Women may be more likely to develop Alzheimer’s due to a specific genetic variant (APOE-e4) which can harm brain health.

What if prevention was our best defence?

We now know which factors increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Fortunately, many of these factors can be modified. According to some researchers, 40% of Alzheimer’s cases could be prevented through targeted preventative measures!

• Engage in regular exercise (according to the doctor, it’s not about intensity or duration, but rather consistency. He recommended walking at least 15 minutes EVERY day);
• Continue learning and practicing stimulating hobbies (learn a new language or musical instrument; do memory games, puzzles, read a good book);
• Maintain your social network (stay in touch, exchange with loved ones or family members, ask for help when needed);
• Eat a healthy, balanced diet (a diet rich in antioxidants, omega-3 and vitamins is beneficial for brain health);
• Avoid sleep aids, certain painkillers, antidepressants and decongestants;
• Don’t smoke;
• Consume little to no alcohol. The Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health has stricter guidelines than those of Éduc’Alcool.
  • For women: 0-1 drink/day, with no more than 5 drinks/week.
  • For men: 0-2 drinks/day, with no more than 7 drinks/week.

While Alzheimer’s disease is still not fully understood, it’s essential to focus on what we already know and remember that each person experiences this challenge in their own unique way.

Prevention, family support and medical interventions can play a vital role in managing symptoms and improving quality of life. It’s important to continue raising awareness, understanding and assisting individuals affected by Alzheimer’s; providing them with an environment where they feel respected and supported throughout their journey.